Besakih Temple
Besakih Temple
The "Mother Temple" at the foot of Mount Agung. A massive sanctuary of 23 temple complexes aligned on an axis toward the mountain.
Perched on the slopes of Mount Agung, Bali's highest and holiest mountain, at an altitude of about 1,000 meters, Besakih Temple is the 'Mother Temple' of Balinese Hinduism. It is the largest and most important temple on the island. Its origins may date back to megalithic worship before the 8th century. It is not a single temple but a complex of over 30 temples, large and small, dedicated to various clans, castes, and professions, representing all facets of Balinese society. At its heart is Pura Penataran Agung, dedicated to the Hindu trinity of Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma. From here, numerous temples are arranged on terraces along a path leading toward the summit. This magnificent layout embodies the Balinese Cosmology, reaching toward the mountain abode of the gods. It is a place of prayer for the well-being of the entire island and a spiritual homeland that every Balinese Hindu hopes to visit at least once in their lifetime.
History: The Miraculous Temple that Survived Eruption
Besakih is said to have begun as a place of meditation founded by a high priest from ancient Java. In the 15th century, when the Gelgel Kingdom unified Bali, it was established as the state temple, and its grand structure was developed. Most notably, during the catastrophic eruption of Mount Agung in 1963, lava flows miraculously split and passed by the temple complex, sparing it from destruction. This event was seen as proof that the gods protected the temple, solidifying Besakih's sacred status. Its history is the story of the Balinese people living alongside the threat of nature, continuing their devotion through prayer.
Culture: A Microcosm of Balinese Society
Besakih is called the 'Mother Temple' because nearly all Hindus in Bali can find a shrine within the complex corresponding to their own lineage or origin. It brings together various clan temples (*Pura Pedharman*) and regional temples (*Pura Dadia*), making Besakih a true microcosm of Balinese society. During the *Betara Turun Kabeh*, the largest annual festival, people from all over the island gather to pray at their respective temples. This sight symbolizes the diversity and unity of Balinese society.
Etiquette and Mandatory Rules
As Besakih is an extremely holy site, strict rules apply to tourists. Wearing a *sarong* (waist cloth) and *selendang* (sash) is mandatory (available for rent at the entrance). Entry into the inner courtyards (*Utama Mandala*), especially where prayers are held, is strictly forbidden for non-Hindus. An official guide must accompany you, and you must follow their designated route. Never walk in front of or point your camera directly at people who are praying. Women who are menstruating are not permitted to enter the sacred area.
Highlights (What to See!)
The long stone staircase leading to the main temple, Pura Penataran Agung, is the most iconic view. Looking up from the base, the split gateway seems to reach for the sky, creating a breathtaking composition. Turning around on the steps, you can see the landscape spreading out below, with the ocean in the distance. On a clear day, the summit of Mount Agung appears in the background, an awe-inspiring sight. While many of the temples can only be viewed from the outside, it is fascinating to observe the different architectural styles of the various *Meru* (multi-tiered shrines) and pavilions.
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