The Development of Tourism: From the 1960s to the Present
The Development of Tourism: From the 1960s to the Present
Suharto regime's tourism policies, impact of the 2002 Bali bombings, post-COVID changes. History of the 'paradise' image formation.
Bali, captivating the world as the 'Island of the Gods' and the 'Last Paradise,' has a tourism history marked by both glory and hardship. Its beginnings trace back to the 1920s when Western artists introduced Bali's allure to the world. Development truly accelerated in the 1960s when the Indonesian government prioritized tourism as a key source of foreign exchange. Since then, Bali has grown into a leading global resort destination, but the path wasn't always smooth. The 2002 bombings and the recent COVID-19 pandemic exposed the vulnerability of an economy heavily reliant on tourism. Through overcoming these challenges, Bali's tourism is now evolving, seeking a new form that emphasizes sustainability and cultural preservation.
The 'Discovery' of Paradise: Artists Spread the Allure
Bali gained international fame largely thanks to Western artists like German painter Walter Spies and Mexican artist Miguel Covarrubias, who resided in Ubud during the 1920s and 30s. Deeply captivated by Bali's lush nature, unique religious culture, and the artistic life of its people, they conveyed their fascination through their works and writings to audiences in Europe and America. This exposure endowed Bali with a mystical image as an 'untouched paradise,' attracting visits from affluent individuals and adventurers. The 'island of artists' image formed during this period remains a cornerstone of Bali's brand identity today.
Government-Led Development and the Era of Mass Tourism
After Indonesian independence, particularly under the Suharto regime from the late 1960s, Bali's tourism development became a national project. In 1969, Ngurah Rai International Airport was expanded to accommodate large jets. With aid from the World Bank, key areas like Sanur, Kuta, and Nusa Dua were systematically developed. Nusa Dua, especially, was purpose-built as a self-contained luxury resort area, designed to host international conferences and present a polished 'face' of Bali. During this era, Bali's tourism shifted dramatically towards 'mass tourism,' aiming to attract larger numbers of visitors, resulting in significant economic growth.
Overcoming Trials: Terrorism and Pandemic
Bali's burgeoning tourism industry faced severe tests in the 21st century. The devastating bombings in Kuta in 2002, which claimed over 200 lives, fundamentally shattered Bali's image of safety. Tourist arrivals plummeted, dealing a catastrophic blow to the economy. Although gradual recovery was achieved through immense effort, the global COVID-19 pandemic starting in 2020 brought an even greater crisis. Border closures led to a complete halt in tourism, causing widespread job losses. This experience starkly highlighted the risks of over-reliance on a single industry and prompted discussions about economic diversification and the need for a more sustainable model of tourism.
Related Culture & History
FeaturedTraditional Balinese Dances: Legong and Barong
Classical dances nurtured by royal court culture and mythology. Unravel the meanings behind each gesture.
Barong and Rangda: The Tale of Good and Evil
The eternal balance between good and evil. Differences between ritual performances and tourist shows.
Subak: The Terraced Rice Field System of Water and Prayer
Bali's unique irrigation network, sharing water through community agreement.