LGBTQ+ Culture in Bali | The Tradition of Waria (Third Gender)
LGBTQ+ Culture in Bali | The Tradition of Waria (Third Gender)
Acceptance of gender diversity in traditional rituals, the social roles of Waria, and their position in contemporary Indonesia.
Symbolizing gender diversity within Indonesian society is the presence of the 'Waria,' often considered a third gender. The term combines 'wanita' (woman) and 'pria' (man), generally referring to individuals assigned male at birth who identify and live as women. Traditional Indonesian societies, including Bali, often possessed a more fluid understanding of gender compared to Western binaries, allowing Waria to occupy specific roles within the community for centuries. Their unique sensibilities have been particularly valued in the realms of beauty and ritual. However, with the rise of conservative trends across Indonesia in recent years, Waria often face challenging circumstances. Within this context, Balinese society, considered relatively tolerant, holds a unique significance as a place where they can often continue to maintain their traditional roles.
Understanding Waria: The Third Gender
The concept of Waria is a traditional gender identity indigenous to Indonesia that doesn't neatly fit into Western LGBTQ+ categories. It places more emphasis on social roles and self-perception than sexual orientation. Historically, across many parts of Southeast Asia, individuals who didn't conform to male/female norms were often seen as possessing special spiritual abilities, acting as shamans or priests mediating between the spiritual and material worlds. Waria can be seen in this lineage; they are not simply 'men who dress as women' but are often viewed as special individuals embodying both masculine and feminine qualities, having carved out their own place in society. Their existence reveals the deep and complex understanding of gender within Indonesian culture.
Social Roles in Beauty and Ritual
Traditionally, Waria have excelled in fields related to beauty. They are highly sought after as wedding makeup artists and planners, renowned for their skill and sensitivity in making brides look their absolute best on their most important day. Many Waria also find success as salon owners, fashion designers, and performers of traditional dance. Their ability to establish themselves in these professions stems not only from their aesthetic sense but also from their unique position, often perceived as understanding the perspectives of both female and male clients, which has historically been accepted by society.
Contemporary Challenges and Balinese Tolerance
In recent years, the rise of religious conservatism across Indonesia has led to increased prejudice against sexual and gender minorities, including Waria. They face growing discrimination and social pressure, making their position more precarious than before. However, Bali is often considered a relatively tolerant environment within Indonesia. The underlying Balinese Hindu philosophy of 'Rwa Bhineda,' which emphasizes harmony between opposing forces like good and evil, male and female, may contribute to a greater acceptance of gender diversity. While prejudice certainly exists in Bali too, Waria are often more visible fulfilling traditional social roles and living as part of the community compared to other regions.
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